In this era of "open innovation,"
most of us are painfully aware the funnel or pipeline metaphor is seriously
flawed, if not entirely broken. Yet despite these flaws, conventional wisdom
continues to use this image as the basic frame of reference for innovation
management. The "stickiness" of the funnel is a testament to the
power of image and metaphor to influence thinking, even when evidence and logic
suggest otherwise.
Several realities challenge the
appropriateness of the funnel mindset for managing innovation. First,
experience. The funnel tells us to generate lots of ideas and jam them into the
"front end" in hopes of getting one or two out the other end. Actual
funnel experience teaches us that too many promising projects are killed too
early and too many poor projects are revealed too late. Second, pipelines and
funnels are about flows and flow control. This is appropriate when what is
flowing is relatively homogeneous and consistent. Innovations are neither homogeneous
nor consistent. While developing, innovations morph, they don't flow. Third,
funnels and pipes, while open at either end, are closed, directive structures,
not well suited to the cross-company collaborations envisioned by open
innovation practices.
The funnel metaphor was popularized in 1962 in a report by SC
Johnson and Booz Allen Hamilton, which described the new product development
process. It has been the dominant metaphor for innovation management ever
since. One reason for its persistence, particularly in light of so much
contradicting experience, may come from the old adage, "replace a symbol
with a symbol." This piece of ancient wisdom reminds us that humans won't
let go of even outdated symbols unless and until they have another symbol to
replace it.
This search for another "symbol"
was the impetus behind the efforts of the Innovation Practitioners Network
(IPN) over the past several years. The IPN has now focused entirely on the
potential application of systems principles to innovating practice. Veteran
innovators from a variety of companies have begun to find fresh insights and
practical benefits from simply looking at corporate innovating from a systems
perspective.
Viewing innovating as a dynamic, complex
system rather than a sequential process has revealed a few fundamental
principles. For example, from a systems perspective, stage-gate resource
management practices are viewed in a more balanced way: as necessary but not
central or sufficient. Stage-gate is a part of the whole system, but is not the
whole itself. Innovation management that
focuses exclusively on stage-gate management will likely miss the mark. Viewing
corporate innovating from a systems perspective yields a more complete picture;
and more complete pictures are essential in the new normal of volatile,
uncertain, complex and ambiguous environments.
Even more than completeness of the picture,
a systems perspective to innovating quickly surfaces a challenging question: is
the company choosing to innovate or merely following the prevailing wisdom now
emanating from business schools and academic entrepreneurship programs.
Deliberating choosing makes all the difference.
When a company's innovating efforts are
viewed as a system, a logical question is "what kind of system is it or
should it be?" The late Russell Ackoff considered choice as the most
useful way to classify systems. Ackoff named four different types of systems:
determinate, animate, social and ecological (see chart right). Determinate
systems include mechanical systems like clocks or radios, whereas humans and
animals are examples of animate systems. Social systems include companies,
organizations and innovating systems, and ecological systems includes markets,
cultures or rainforests.
Significant mistakes are often made when a
model of a system of one type is misapplied to a system of a different type.
Specifically, when we use the funnel metaphor as the central model of a
company's innovating system, we use a determinate model to characterize a
social system. Instead, we need to use a social model with both parts and the
whole displaying choices to describe an innovating system.
The quest for a "systematic"
approach to innovating or a "repeatable process" can easily lead
stewards of innovating systems on a quixotic search for a determinate system.
This is a well-intentioned but misguided path. Innovating systems are not
determinate, but social.
As a social system your company's innovating
system displays choices both in its parts and in the system as a whole. The
IPN’s current hypothesis is that many companies over-manage the parts and
under-manage the whole of their innovating systems. For example, measurements
are applied too early and too often to parts of the innovating system. Often
the measurements, while quantifiable, are measuring that which may not be all
that important to measure. At the same time, the overall choice whether to
innovate or not (and why and where) is often not carefully thought through.
This leaves the expressed purpose of the innovating system unnecessarily
unclear and ambiguous for the company. This has led to much waste.
Another hypothesis has to do with the
innovators themselves. An essential task of innovators is to make sense out of
the iterative trials and errors in which they are engaged. As Al Ward described
innovation at Toyota as "learning applied to creating value,"
innovators must carefully read input and feedback. Reading input and feedback
is the life-blood of successful innovating. The problem is that input and
feedback are subject to delays and distortions. Making sense requires making
choices, especially choosing what deserves attention.
Better choice making comes from first having
several promising options from which to choose. This is applicable not just to
concepts and value propositions. Better
choices come from having more feedback more often, especially when that feedback
is coming from the market or prospective end users.
One of the most delicate challenges for any innovation
manager is to find the proper balance between constraints and freedom for
innovators. The art of "earning autonomy by being relevant" has long
been the hallmark of innovators. Innovators make better choices when they are
working in between relevance and autonomy (freedom).
With all the current hype about innovating
these days, I am beginning to wonder whether companies are thinking carefully
enough about what it really means to innovate; especially, what it means to
choose to innovate. Many are making investments in innovation processes,
practices and portfolios without seriously considering the alternatives, much
less the implications. Too many companies today are innovating in a reactive
manner without choosing an explicit and thoughtful purpose.
References to "innovation" and
"entrepreneurship" have become pervasive and ubiquitous. This
pervasiveness can leave the impression that innovation is not a matter of
choice, but a necessity. But just because a company needs to innovate, doesn't
mean it can. And just because a company can innovate, doesn't mean it will or
will be successful doing so. Choosing to innovate is another thing entirely.
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© 2013 Vincent & Associates, Ltd.
About the Author
For over 30 years, Lanny Vincent
has been involved with the innovation efforts of major manufacturers and
distributors in semiconductor-based, consumer electronics, consumer package
goods, food products, forest products and sporting goods industries. Lanny is a
student, teacher and coach of innovation management principles and practices.
He facilitates invention workshops and innovation targeting for client
companies with sustained commitments to STEM-intensive businesses.
Based in San Francisco,
California, Lanny's practice involves him in consulting, facilitating, and
innovation sponsor coaching with three practice areas: strategic invention,
opportunity foresight, and innovating systems. Prior to establishing Vincent
& Associates in 1990, Lanny was a partner and general manager of Synectics®,
Inc., a creative problem solving and training firm. From 1981 to 1986 he was
with Kimberly-Clark Corporation’s Innovation Management Group developing major
product, materials and process innovations for their divisions worldwide and
managing the Trends Project. In addition to his direct
experience, Lanny’s formal training includes innovation management systems,
total quality principles of manufacturing, creative problem solving, systems
theory of family therapy, and social forecasting methods. He holds a Masters
degree (M. Div.) from Yale University and a B.A. from Davidson College.
Lanny is the author of
several books including The Maverick Way: Profiting From the Power of the
Corporate Misfit (2000) and Prisoners of Hope: How Engineers (and
Others) Get Lift for Innovating (2011).
In 2005, his article “Innovation Midwives” was published in the
Industrial Research Institute's Research-Technology Management peer-reviewed journal. Lanny
is the founder of the Mavericks Roundtable and the Innovation Practitioners
Network, a network of practitioners pioneering the art and practice of
innovation management in established corporations. He can be contacted at lanny@innovationsthatwork.com.
